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2017年2月15日 星期三

20170215-divnice minstrel



ὣς οἱ μὲν δαίνυντο καθ᾽ ὑψερεφὲς μέγα δῶμα
γείτονες ἠδὲ ἔται Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο,
τερπόμενοι: μετὰ δέ σφιν ἐμέλπετο θεῖος ἀοιδὸς
φορμίζων, δοιὼ δὲ κυβιστητῆρε κατ᾽ αὐτούς,
μολπῆς ἐξάρχοντος, ἐδίνευον κατὰ μέσσους. (Od. 4.15-19)

So they were feasting in the great high-roofed hall, the neighbors and kinsfolk of glorious Menelaus, and divine minstrel was singing to the lyre, and tow tumblers whirled up and down through the midst of them, leading the dance.

開始讀第四卷,這一卷大綱: 第四卷的主要場景在斯巴達,當TelemachusPisistratus到達時,國王與皇后(Menelaus and Helen)正在為他們的兒子與女兒舉辦個別的婚禮,Menelaus and Helen歡迎客人的到臨,也一眼就認出和Odysseus長的很像的TelemachosMenelaus回憶特洛伊戰爭與Odysseus,在場的人悲從中來,Helen 拿出解憂草放入酒中,大家一時忘憂,安靜入睡。隔天Menelaus譴責群無禮的追求者,也透露Odysseus應該還活著的訊息。本卷終結回到綺色佳的場景,追求者計畫陷阱,讓 Telemachus很難回家,而Penelope則焦慮不安… 
        開場的雙重婚禮大場面,也是古希臘的「世紀豪華大婚禮」,這幾行提到席間有游吟詩人 (θεῖος ἀοιδὸς, divine minstrel)tumblers,神聖的吟唱詩人,被視作荷馬的化身。

下面圖文出處: http://www.ancient.eu/image/986/
A kylix depicting the god Apollo pouring a libation and holding an early version of the lyre (chelys) which was made from the shell of a tortoise. The bird may represent the crow which announced the marriage of the nymph Aigle-Korone, the daughter of King Phlegyas. Provenance: Delphi, 480-470 BCE, artist unknown. (Delphi Archaeological Museum).


里拉琴 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89%E7%90%B4

里拉(希臘語:λύρα)是西方古典文明最常見的撥弦樂器,傳至現代的種類非常繁多。它們的主要特點是共鳴箱特別狹窄,因而便於攜帶。樂器的弦數不一,但相當有限(在五根和八根之間),這使得該樂器更適合於伴唱之用。古希臘的游吟詩人經常使用這種樂器來烘托氣氛。它在中世紀文獻的諸多引用,起碼在10世紀後僅限於寓意。不過在北歐它仍被使用至至少14世紀

2017年2月14日 星期二

20170214—bath




αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ λοῦσέν τε καὶ ἔχρισεν λίπ᾽ ἐλαίῳ,
ἀμφὶ δέ μιν φᾶρος καλὸν βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνα,
ἔκ ῥ᾽ ἀσαμίνθου βῆ δέμας ἀθανάτοισιν ὁμοῖος: (Od. 3.466-468)

And when she had bathed him and anointed him with oil, and had cast about him a fair cloak and a tunic, forth he came from the bath in form like immortals;

χρίω touch the surface of a body slightly, rub, anoint with scented unguents or oil

ἔλαιον olive-oil
φᾶρος a large piece of cloth, web, a wide cloak or mantle
χιτών garment worn next the skin, tunic
ἀσάμινθος bathing-tub


Nestor的待客之道還包含提供Telemachus沐浴和換新衣服。洗完澡之後,全身抹橄欖油,內外衣服都換新的一套,香噴噴、亮晶晶的Telemachus,看起來跟神一樣! 可見洗澡多麼愉悅,堪稱人生至福,神仙的生活也不過如此。

The Greeks
The oldest archeological findings in Europe related to bathing habits date from the Bronze Age (2,400 – 800 BC). In the palaces of Knossos and Phaistos in Crete, the population of the Aegean Minoan civilization has left traces of special chambers devoted to bathing. Alabaster bathtubs excavated in Akrotiri (in Santorini Island), as well as wash basins and feet baths, showed how people from the Minoan civilization maintained their personal hygiene.





2017年1月11日 星期三

20170111—devour the livelihood



τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή,
ῥεῖ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἀλλότριον βίοτον νήποινον ἔδουσιν,
ἀνέρος. . . .                                       (Od. 1.159-161)

These men are busied with things like these, the lyre and song, without misgiving, seeing that without atonement they devour the livelihood of another, of a man.

有一群人說是要向Penelope求婚,就這樣住下來,在奧德修斯的家彈琴、唱歌、吃吃喝喝,而且沒有相對回報,也就是白吃白喝白住,希臘文用字是νήποινος,這字提醒我們所謂的「待客之道」 (hospitality)是雙向的,主人提供食物或是衣物,客人可以用贈品或是禮物做為為饋,在古希臘,如果出外人沒有物品可以送給主人,就可以用說故事當作交換與回饋,奧德修斯漂流他鄉多年,除了靠足智多謀,也因為他擅長說故事,所以受到各地主人或仙女們的歡迎。

這些不速之客,恣意狂吃猛喝,吞下的可是奧德修斯的家產 (βίοτος means of living, substance),從另一觀點觀察,就是霸占他人的產業,和偷與搶,沒甚麼兩樣! 再看νήποινος的另一暗示,這群人的行為尚未遭到報應,也可以預期不是不報,時機未到!

βίοτος means of living, substance
νήποινος unavenged, without compensation

下面圖片出處: https://www.emaze.com/@AIWIILFC/THE-ODYSSEY-Sonia-Patel



2017年1月9日 星期一

20170109—tell what you have need of



χαῖρε, ξεῖνε, παρ᾽ ἄμμι φιλήσεαι: αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα
δείπνου πασσάμενος μυθήσεαι ὅττεό σε χρή. (Od. 1.123-124)

Hail, stranger! in our house you shall find entertainment, and then, when you have tasted food, you shall tell what you have need of.

這幾行字很窩心!
Telemachus招呼雅典娜,第一,他會熱情招待客人 (φιλήσεαι/φιλέω) treat affectionately or kindly, esp. welcome, entertain a guest,友善的態度十分重要;第二,他會提供食物給出外人,因為古代食物取得不易,出門在外常常餓肚子,給客人吃飽,也是慣例;第三,吃飽後,他會熱心問客人需要怎樣協助。這就是古希臘的待客之道。古希臘人認為宙斯會保護出外人,若不進待客之道會招到宙斯 嚴懲,下面的圖說明此理念。

同樣地,當奧德修斯漂泊異鄉,也是因為他人展現類似的待客之道,所以他得以存活!


下圖資料: Jupiter and Mercurius in the House of Philemon and Baucis (1630–33) by the workshop of Rubens: Zeus (Jupiter) and Hermes (Mercurius), testing a village’s practice of hospitality, were received only by Baucis and Philemon, who were rewarded while their neighbors were punished.

2017年1月8日 星期日

20170108—stranger



τὰ φρονέων, μνηστῆρσι μεθήμενος, εἴσιδ᾽ Ἀθήνην.
βῆ δ᾽ ἰθὺς προθύροιο, νεμεσσήθη δ᾽ ἐνὶ θυμῷ
δηθὰ θύρῃσιν ἐφεστάμεν: ἐγγύθι δὲ στὰς  (Od. 1.118-120)

... he beheld Athene, and he went straight to the outer door; for in his heart he counted it shame that a stranger stand long at the gates.

Telemachus年紀雖小,但身為奧德修斯之子,能有一定的才能!家裡被一群人霸佔,父親又不在家,所以Telemachus格外謹慎小心,他注意到化身為Mentor的雅典娜站在門口,馬上出去迎接這位陌生人,希臘文的ξένος,有翻譯成為陌生人、客人、外人或是朋友,相對於屬於自己家族或城邦境內裡的人,通稱ξένος,可能是流浪者、訪客、尋求庇護的人。所以站在門口的這個人和那些來他們家求婚的人不同,是客人。古希臘重視待客之道,讓客人站在門口對主人而言是莫大的恥辱,加上Telemachus應該很悶,難得有個客人,也可以聊聊、解解悶。

xeno- 是英文常見的字首,看看下面的字:
xenogamy
xenogenesis
xenophile
xenophobe
xenophobia

___
下面資料與圖片出處: http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/WS/en/Domus.html
DOMUS (οἰκία, οἴκησις, οἰκητήριον, a dwelling-house; οἶκος, generally a room; in Homer and the Tragedians, δόμος, but more usually in the plural as a dwelling-house), a house.
Plan of the Palace of Tiryns.--Some doubt has been thrown on the remote antiquity of


1. Main entrance.
2. Inner gate.
3. First propylaeum.
4. Second.propylaeum.
5. Open court.
6. Portico of hall.
7. Vestibule of hall.
8. Megaron.
9. Men's rooms.
10. Thalami.
11. Guard rooms.
12. Passage to women's part.
13. Open courts.
14. Thalamus or women's hall.
15. Thalami.
16. Passage to postern.
17. Narrow postern.
18. Projecting bastion.
19. Defences at the entrance.


2017年1月7日 星期六

20170107—take pleasure at checkers


... οἱ μὲν ἔπειτα
πεσσοῖσι προπάροιθε θυράων θυμὸν ἔτερπον
ἥμενοι ἐν ῥινοῖσι βοῶν, οὓς ἔκτανον αὐτοί:   (Od. 1.106-108)

They were taking their pleasure at checkers in front of the doors, sitting on the hides of oxen which they themselves has slain.

雅典娜的招牌工夫就是易容術,她化身一變,馬上變成Mentor,出現在奧德修斯的家。主人不在,倒是看見一群奇怪的人,這真是一群無知且自大狂妄(ἀγήνορας, headlong, arrogant, proud) 的求婚者 (μνηστῆρας, wooers, suitors),在奧德修斯的家吃吃喝喝,還玩得盡興τέρπω
        我們看見這段文字提到「下棋」,我之前筆記有記下,這種遊戲可能是古典時期才有,出現在荷馬史詩,是因為史詩的文字記載也是在古典時期成形。這次閱讀我注意到另一個問題,根據下圖AjaxAchilles在打仗的空閒下棋,而這群求婚者在日常生活中也下棋,可見古希臘對下棋的著迷!


 另外,這群求婚者是坐在牛皮墊子下棋,他們沒有坐在椅子上,我猜測當時氛圍可能像一群人聚賭;他們長期霸佔奧德修斯的家,隨意宰羊殺牛,牛皮就當作椅墊。

Two-handled jar (amphora) with Achilles and Ajax
Greek
Archaic Period
about 525–520 B.C.


附上之前的筆記,參考。

主題三: Telemachus心靈導師 (Mentor)
1        心靈導師(mentor)一字源自《奧德賽》中的一個角色門托爾(Μέντωρ, Mentor)Alcimus的兒子,也是奧德修斯的好友,奧德修斯離家出征時,託負門托爾照料家中事務。這個人物只出現一次(Od. 2.224-41),在奧德修斯生死未譜,家裡被一群女主人的追求者霸占,亂成一團,此時仍有一堅守岡位、忠貞不二的好友門托爾(Mentor)兀自挺身而出,奮戰那群無賴追求者。但是,史詩並沒有在深入刻畫此角色,反而是雅典娜化身為門托爾(Mentor),勸導鼓勵年輕的特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)鼓起勇氣、打起精神開啟尋父之旅,也藉此磨練自己 (Od. 2.401; Od. 24.548)。所以雅典娜就像是門托爾(Mentor) 的分身(Doppelgänger),扮演年青特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)的心靈導師。
1.1       如雅典娜向宙斯說明:
πέμψω δ᾽ ἐς Σπάρτην τε καὶ ἐς Πύλον ἠμαθόεντα
νόστον πευσόμενον πατρὸς φίλου, ἤν που ἀκούσῃ,
ἠδ᾽ ἵνα μιν κλέος ἐσθλὸν ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἔχῃσιν. (Od. 93-95)
雅典娜將幫助特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)到斯巴達打聽奧德修斯返家(νόστον)的消息,也因此特殊任務,特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)可以在人間留下美名(κλέος)—此自一語雙關,指消息、謠傳或報導,但也指聲名、榮譽或美名。J. C. B. Petropoulos的著作 Kleos in a Minor Key: The Homeric Education of a Little Prince就是以κλέος一語雙關,分析討論特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)的成長過程及意義。特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)需經一番歷練,但他的心境轉變的關鍵點就是這位心靈導師促成,整個教育的目的在於激發特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)和奧德修斯一樣的智慧與能力。詢問父親消息( in the search of news/ kleos)就成了「成人」的過程,特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)在當中找到自己、認識自己、也體驗變成成年(ἀνδροποίησις)的意義
2        雅典娜既像熟悉的好友,又像陌生人: 特勒馬科斯(Telemachus) 稱呼雅典娜—“dear stranger” [‘ξεῖνε φίλ᾽]—既陌生又親切的好友。雅典娜既像熟悉的好友,又像陌生人(ξένος guest-friend, stranger),特勒馬科斯也展現他應有的待客之道(hospitality):
παλάμῃ δ᾽ ἔχε χάλκεον ἔγχος,
εἰδομένη ξείνῳ, Ταφίων ἡγήτορι Μέντῃ. (Od. 1.04-05).
(In her hand she held the spear of bronze, and she was in the likeness of a stranger, Mentes, the leader of the Taphians.)
2.1       的概念在史詩中有多重意義,
2.1.1   雅典娜的化身(in the likeness of a stranger, εἰδομένη ξείνῳ )(Od. 1.05). 源自動詞εἴδομαι, seems to be, be visible;神以人的形象出現。
2.1.2   反之人也可以有神一般的長相:God-like Telemachus (Τηλέμαχος θεοειδής) (Od. 1.113)
2.1.3   雅典娜諄諄教誨,又好像是特勒馬科斯的父親: “as a father to his son” [ὥς τε πατὴρ ᾧ παιδί] (Od. 308)
2.1.4   特勒馬科斯想要餽贈紀念品(κειμήλιον, heirloom)雅典娜,展現朋友與朋友之情誼:
δῶρον ἔχων ἐπὶ νῆα κίῃς, χαίρων ἐνὶ θυμῷ,
τιμῆεν, μάλα καλόν, ὅ τοι κειμήλιον ἔσται
ἐξ ἐμεῦ, οἷα φίλοι ξεῖνοι ξείνοισι διδοῦσι. (Od. 1.311-13).
You may go to your ship glad in spirit, and bearing a gift costly and very beautiful, which shall be to you an heirloom from me, such a gift as dear friends to friends.

2.1.5   是人?是神?是神像人?還是人像神? 特勒馬科斯心中無數個問號與揣測:
ὁ δὲ φρεσὶν ᾗσι νοήσας
θάμβησεν κατὰ θυμόν: ὀίσατο γὰρ θεὸν εἶναι.
αὐτίκα δὲ μνηστῆρας ἐπῴχετο ἰσόθεος φώς. (Od. 322-24)
And in his mind he marked what had happened and marveled, for he suspected that she was a god; and at once he went among the suitors, a godlike man.
2.1.6   在雅典娜離開後,特勒馬科斯總算了然於胸,這位長得像門托爾(Μέντωρ, Mentor)的心靈導師真的是神(Od. 1.420).
3        雅典娜鼓勵特勒馬科斯(Telemachus)化悲慟及憂傷為行動的能量,認真考量如何將這群求婚者驅逐奧德修斯的家: “but for thyself, I bid thee take thought how thou mayest thrust forth the wooers from the hall”/ “σὲ δὲ φράζεσθαι ἄνωγα, ὅππως κε μνηστῆρας ἀπώσεαι ἐκ μεγάροιο” (Od. 1.269-70)
3.1       無法忘懷的憂傷: 吟唱詩人唱著英雄們返家的悲慘情境[ὁ δ᾽ Ἀχαιῶν νόστον ἄειδε λυγρόν, ὃν ἐκ Τροίης] (Od. 326-27),雖然希臘大軍歷經十年總算攻下特洛伊城,但他們並沒有享受所謂的凱旋歸國,很多英雄早已化作屍骨,而奧德修斯則生死未明. . . .這戰後約十年中,悲哀的( λυγρός)氛圍遲遲無法散去(Od. 340-42)

...
1.1       他們在玩的棋Checkersπεσσοῖσι是甚麼?這個字的單數原形是πεσσός,是一種橢圓形石頭做成的棋oval-shaped stone for playing draughts or backgammon,也可以使用的石板。Heubeck認為翻譯成 “draughts"會誤導讀者,在史詩時期應該還沒有這種遊戲,推測應該是Sophocles最早提到這遊戲 (p.89)
1.1.1   Cyclic Epics傳統中提到AchillesAjax下棋,美術史中常用此圖片為例說明古臘的黑彩陶器時期,約在西元前7-5世紀,應該不是荷馬史詩的年代,但是,也有可能是後人編撰史詩過程加進去,很明顯古典時期之後的讀者已經想像這些史詩人物玩的棋就記錄在這瓶子的圖案中。
1.1.2   這種遊戲可能是來自近東地區。Herodotus 1.94 有提到—For a while the Lydians bore this with what patience they could; presently, when the famine did not abate, they looked for remedies, and different plans were devised by different men. Then it was that they invented the games of dice and knuckle-bones and ball and all other forms of game except dice, which the Lydians do not claim to have discovered—dicing是六邊形的κύβος ,而knuckle-bones是四面體的ἀστράγαλος Iliad 23.88有提到,是古希臘羅馬常見的休閒娛樂。
1.2       The hides of oxen which they themselves had slain [ἥμενοι ἐν ῥινοῖσι βοῶν, οὓς ἔκτανον αὐτοί] (Od. 1.108)—好像是自己的東西,任意宰[κτείνω]牛,肉吃了,牛皮[ῥινόν]做成坐墊。Od. 5.281ῥινός 是當成牛皮盾(shield)