《南方草木狀》記載的〈乞力伽〉提到劉涓子製作的「長生丸」:
藥有乞力伽,木也,瀕海所產,一根有至數斤者。劉涓子取以作煎,令可丸,𩚵之長生。
劉涓子的典故與引用,打破《南方草木狀》的作者是晉.嵇含的說法;此外,這筆資料還暗藏玄機。
一般說法,乞力伽,別名有:白朮,貢術,杭術,於潛術,仙居術,吃力伽,炒白朮,焦術,焦白朮,山薊 ,天薊,山連,山精,冬白朮,浙術, 種術,楊枹薊,山芥,於術,冬術,是菊科植物,學名:Atractylodes macrocephala (白朮)。
依照 Hui-Lin Li在Nan-fan
Ts’ao-mu Chuang: A Fourth Century Flora of Southeast Asia. Introduction.
Translation. Commentaries.中的註解乞力伽也可能是Atractylodes lancea (蒼朮);但是,無論是白朮或蒼朮,都是中國常見藥品,主要是北方的植物,非來自南方:
This is a medicinal plant widely distributed in
China, but it is primarily a northern plant and not found in southern China. I
believe this may refer to theriaca, the panacea of the ancient Western world
and the account quoted above is probably the earliest in China. (p.64)
Hui-Lin Li的說法,乞力伽可以視作英文theriaca的音譯,也就是西方的「萬靈丹」;Hui-Lin
Li還引用李約瑟的說法佐證。
此論點,把西方的萬靈丹和東方的長生藥連結一起,值得討論的議題又更繁複了。
書目
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China: v. 6. Biology and biological
technology. pt. 1. Botany. Taipei, Taiwan: Caves Books, 1985.
Li, Hui-Lin. Nan-fan
Ts’ao-mu Chuang: A Fourth Century Flora of Southeast Asia. Introduction.
Translation. Commentaries. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1979.
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