20170104—longing for his return

τὸν δ᾽ οἶον νόστου κεχρημένον ἠδὲ γυναικὸς

νύμφη πότνι᾽ ἔρυκε Καλυψὼ δῖα θεάων

ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, λιλαιομένη πόσιν εἶναι. (Od. 1.13-15)

but that man alone, filled with longing for his return and for his wife, did the queenly nymph Calypso, that beautiful goddess, keep prisoner in her caves, yearning that he should be her husband.

只有那一個人 (τὸν δ᾽ οἶον) 還沒返鄉，但是海上漂泊多年，最後也是奧德修斯孤零零一人返鄉。

傳說奧德修斯被仙女藏起來了，這位仙女就是Καλυψὼ，小寫的καλύπτω意思就是隱藏。更經典的故事看似過著幸福快樂的日子，但如雅典娜所言，奧德修斯想念人間煙火，即或這天堂般的島，不食人間煙火的仙女相伴，仍無法感動奧德修斯的凡心！奧德修斯選擇平凡的妻子，而不要美麗的仙女，真正原因是甚麼? 是因為想念自己的土地 (πάρος ἣν γαῖαν) (Od. 1.21)，還是因為和 Penelope的真愛?

有一明顯的原因，奧德修斯不想永遠都是仙女的「囚犯」，在此仙境，Καλυψὼ是女王，可以限制奧德修斯的行動自由，這裡用的動詞是ἐρύκω/ ἔρυκε，英文翻譯好直接，就是把奧德修斯關起來! 所以奧德修斯渴望回家 (νόστου κεχρημένον)，歸根究底是渴望自由，期待早日回家園當王，當主人!

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之前的筆記:

3      Ogygia [Ὠγυγία] (Od. 1.85)，字源不確定，可能是原始(primordial, extremely oid)，是地中海上神秘之島，女神Calypso的住處，但是到底在何處? 在義大利附近?是克里特島(Crete)?還是北非直布羅陀海峽口? 提到在此提到此島如海的肚臍[ὀμφαλός]，將汪洋大海喻為人體，林木參天的孤島(wooded isle)，極可能與其它陸地隔開(landlocked):

ἀλλά μοι ἀμφ᾽ Ὀδυσῆι δαΐφρονι δαίεται ἦτορ,

δυσμόρῳ, ὃς δὴ δηθὰ φίλων ἄπο πήματα πάσχει

ήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ, ὅθι τ᾽ ὀμφαλός ἐστι θαλάσσης. (Od. 1.48-50)

(But my heat is torn for wise Odysseus, ill-fated man, who far from his friends has long been suffering woes in a sea-grit isle, where is the navel of the sea)

3.1   Ogygia 也成為修飾Calypso的專用詞(epithet)。

3.2   不同的”海洋”(Oceanus) 觀點: The conception of Oceanus is here different: he has nine streams which encircle the earth and the flow out into the “main” which appears to be the waste of waters on which, according to early Greek and Hebrew cosmology, the disk-like earth floated. 而Ogygia島在遙遠的地方(τηλόθι, far-off, afar, at a distance) (Od 5.55)；應該是海上之島，也比較可能指古希臘人想像中的天邊，但是依照古希臘的海洋觀點，海是無邊無際，又哪來中心點 (navel, ὀμφαλός)?

3.3   Hesiod, Theogony 805-806: “Such an oath, then, did the gods appoint the eternal and primeval water of Styx to be: and it spouts through a rugged place.” Ogygia是Styx的水。

3.4   當然，類似的風景也許是香格里拉(Shangri-La)，Goldberg, Michael J. Travels with Odysseus: Uncommon Wisdom from Homer’s Odyssey提到: “Shangri-La is a hard-to-find lamasery in the Himalayas, and is much like Ogygia: remote but sunny, lushly fertile, indescribably idyllic. . .And in Shangri-La you don’t grow old (much like Calypso’s forthcoming offer of immortality to Odysseus). But if you leave, the beneficence is petulantly cancelled. The High Lama, like Calypso, meets your needs as long as you’re willing to be completely dependent on him” (p.98)

Picture of Calypso and Odysseus